Foreign relations of the Republic of Ireland

Ireland

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The foreign relations of Ireland are substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union, although bilateral relations with the United States and United Kingdom are also important to the country. It is one of the group of smaller nations in the EU, and has traditionally followed a non-aligned foreign policy. Ireland tends towards independence in foreign military policy, thus it is not a member of NATO and has a longstanding policy of military neutrality. According to the Irish Defence forces, this policy has helped them to be successful in their contributions to UN peace-keeping missions since 1960 (in the Congo Crisis) and subsequently in Cyprus, Lebanon and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1]

Contents

Main Relationships

United Kingdom

Main article: British–Irish relations

Since 1937 Ireland had been involved in a dispute with the United Kingdom over the status of Northern Ireland. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland formerly claimed Northern Ireland as a part of the "national territory", though in practice the Irish government did recognise the UK's jurisdiction over the region. From the onset of the Troubles in 1969, the two governments sought to bring the violence to an end. The Sunningdale Agreement of 1973 and the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985 were important steps in this process. In 1998, both states signed the Belfast Agreement and now co-operate closely to find a solution to the region's problems. Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution of Ireland were amended as part of this agreement, the territorial claim being replaced with a statement of aspiration to unite the people of the island of Ireland. As part of the Belfast Agreement, the states also ended their dispute over their respective names: Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Each agreed to accept and use the others' correct name.

The Irish Government has sought, with mixed success, to prevent the importation of weapons and ammunition through its territory by illegal paramilitary organisations, for use in their conflict with the security forces in Northern Ireland. In the 1970s the Irish warship, the LÉ Ciara intercepted a ship carrying weapons from Libya which were probably destined for the republican paramilitaries. Law enforcement acts such as these additionally improved relations with the government of the United Kingdom. However, the independent judiciary blocked a number of attempts to extradite suspects between 1970 and 1998 on the basis that their crime might have been 'political' and thus contrary to international law at the time.

Ireland is also a party to the Rockall continental shelf dispute that also involves Denmark, Iceland, and the United Kingdom. Ireland and the United Kingdom have signed a boundary agreement in the Rockall area. However, neither have concluded similar agreements with Iceland or Denmark (on behalf of the Faroe Islands) and the matter remains under negotiation. Iceland now claims [2] a substantial area of the continental shelf to the west of Ireland, to a point 49°48'N 19°00'W, which is further south than Ireland.

The controversial Sellafield nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in western England has been a contentious issue between the two governments. The Irish government has sought the closure of the plant, taking a case against the UK government under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, the European Court of Justice found that the case should have been dealt with under EU law.[3][4]

United States

Main article: Ireland – United States relations
See also: Embassy of the United States in Dublin, United States Ambassador to Ireland

The use of Shannon Airport as a stop-over point for US forces en-route to Iraq has caused domestic controversy. Opponents of this policy brought an unsuccessful High Court case against the government in 2003, arguing that this use of Irish airspace violated Irish neutrality.[5] Foreign direct investment by U.S. companies is vital to the Irish economy. The U.S. is Ireland's largest source of foreign investment, and exports to the U.S. amounted to 10% of GDP in 2005.[6] The large Irish-American population in the United States strengthens ties between the two countries.

The U.S. government has appointed a Special Envoy to Northern Ireland to help with the Northern Ireland peace process. Areas of interest between the U.S. and Ireland include the Northern Ireland peace process, the status of Irish illegal immigrants in the U.S.[7] and investment by U.S. companies in Ireland.

As of 2010, Michael Collins was the Irish ambassador to the United States, and Dan Rooney was the U.S. ambassador to Ireland.

Mainland China and Taiwan

Ireland's official relationship with the People's Republic of China began on 22 June 1979.[8] The Irish government press release said: "The Government of Ireland recognises the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China."[9] Following his visit to China in 1998, former Taoiseach Bertie Ahern authorised the establishment of an Asia Strategy.[10] The aim of this Strategy was to ensure that the Irish Government and Irish enterprise work coherently to enhance the important relationships between Ireland and Asia.[10]

Ireland has raised its concerns in the area of human rights with China on a number of occasions. On 12 May 2007, during a visit to Beijing, former Taoiseach Brian Cowen (then Minister for Finance) discussed human rights issues with Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing.[11] Former Tánaiste Mary Coughlan also raised human rights issues and concerns with visiting Chinese Vice-Premier Zeng Peiyan.[11] Ireland also participates in the EU-China Human Rights Dialogue.

Concerning the Taiwan issue, Ireland follows a One-China policy. In 2007, the former Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs, Dermot Ahern summarised the Irish position as follows:[12]

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 of 25 October 1971 recognised the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole representative of China. Although Taiwan continues to exercise autonomy and to term itself ‘The Republic of China’, this is not recognised in international law. Taiwan’s official status is that of a Province of China...Ireland recognises the Government of the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China. Ireland does not maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan and there is no inter-Governmental contact between the two sides. A Taipei Representative Office, established in Dublin in 1988, has a representative function in relation to economic and cultural promotion, but no diplomatic or political status.

The following statement was issued by Dermot Ahern, former Irish Minister for Foreign Affairs' Department on Taiwan and Cross-straits relations on 12 March 2008:

The Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr. Dermot Ahern, TD, today expressed his concern about the potential for increased Cross-Straits tensions in the lead-up to the Presidential elections in Taiwan due to take place on 22 March, and, in particular, the planned referendum on UN membership in the name of Taiwan.
Reiterating Ireland's 'One China' policy, Minister Ahern said: “At this time it is vital that any form of unilateral action that might undermine the status quo is avoided and I therefore do not support the holding of this referendum. It has been our consistent hope that the Taiwan issue will be resolved peacefully and through constructive dialogue between the parties concerned.”[13]

The former Minister's emphasis on the One China policy and to the Taiwan issue being best settled through dialogue "between the parties concerned" was consistent with Beijing's wish that the Taiwan issue be regarded as a domestic one between Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits.

In other arenas, the Irish government follows a strict One China policy. For example, when the Department of Foreign Affairs issued a travel advisory concerning the SARS outbreak, it advised individuals not to travel to "parts of China (i.e. Beijing, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Shanxi, Taiwan Province)".[14]

Europe and the European Union

Ireland is consistently the most pro-European of EU member states, with 77% of the population approving of EU membership according to a Eurobarometer poll in 2006.[15] Ireland was a founding member of the euro single currency. In May 2004, Ireland was one of only three countries to open its borders to workers from the 10 new member states. EU issues important to Ireland include the Common Agricultural Policy, corporation tax harmonisation and the EU Constitution. The Irish electorate declined to ratify the Treaty of Lisbon in 2008. A second referendum in October 2009 passed the bill, allowing the treaty to be ratified before it was ratified legal guarantees on issues such as the right of ireland to remain militarily neutral (and not engage in any kind of "European army"),the right of the republic to maintain its low levels of corporation tax and that the treaty would not change the right to life article in the Irish constitution making abortion illegal and an act of murder under Irish constitutional law.

As of 2011, Lucinda Creigton is Minister of State for European Affairs at the Department of Foreign Affairs. Ireland has held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on six occasions (in 1975, 1979, 1984, 1990, 1996 and 2004) and is scheduled to hold the presidency again in 2013.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Albania
Armenia 1996
  • Ireland recognised Armenia’s independence in December 1991.
  • Armenia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London (United Kingdom) and an honorary consulate in Dublin.[18]
  • Ireland is represented in Armenia through its embassy in Sofia (Bulgaria) and through an honorary consulate in Yerevan.[19]
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic 1929
Denmark See Denmark-Ireland relations
Estonia
Finland 1961
France 1922
Georgia

Ireland supports EU initiatives to promote peace between Georgia and Russia. Ireland recognises Georgian sovereignty over the separatist regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Ireland condemned the decision of Russia to recognise South Ossetia and Abkhazia as independent states.[36] The separatist Parliament of Abkhazia expressly called on Ireland to recognise Abkhaz independence, drawing parallels between Ireland’s own historic struggle for independence and international recognition with its own, the Abkhaz Parliament’s statement recalling that:[37]

“Just like Ireland, Abkhazia has finally acquired long-awaited independence and recognition at the cost of enormous efforts...[Ireland] was de-facto independent for a long time, but remained unrecognised. Ireland was the only unrecognised country in Europe until the world's largest country recognised a free parliament of Ireland. And that country was Russia.”

The parallel the Abkhaz Parliament referred to stems from the fact that the breakaway and largely unrecognised Irish Republic (1919–22), enjoyed some form of recognition from the RSFSR.
Germany 1922
Greece
Holy See

See Holy See – Ireland relations
Hungary 1976
Iceland
Italy 1922
Kosovo 2008
Latvia 1991
Lithuania 1991
Luxembourg 1925
Republic of Macedonia
Moldova 1992
Montenegro 2006

See Foreign relations of Montenegro

  • Montenegro declared its independence from Serbia on 3 June 2006 and Ireland recognised it on 20 June 2006.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Netherlands 1922
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania 1990
Russia
  • Ireland has an embassy in Moscow.[66]
  • Russia has an embassy Dublin.[67]
  • The Russian SFSR was the first country to recognise the independence of Ireland in 1918.
  • Cooperation between both countries has been more active since the end of the Cold War. Many bilateral treaties exist between both nations in various fields (taxation, investment protection, cultural and scientific, aviation, etc.).
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
Serbia
Slovakia 1993
  • Ireland has an embassy in Bratislava.[70]
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and the Council of Europe.
  • In 2010 Slovak airport security planted actual explosives in the luggage of unsuspecting passengers as part of a security exercise. As result of additional mistakes, the explosives were flown to Dublin, Ireland causing international controversy.[71] Prime Minister Fico refused to dismiss the interior minister after the incident.
Slovenia 1991
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine 1992

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Argentina 1947
Barbados
  • Ireland is represented in Barbados through its embassy in New York City, USA and an honorary consulate in Bridgetown.
  • Barbados is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Bolivia
  • Ireland is represented in Bolivia through its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Bolivia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Brazil
Canada See Canada–Ireland relations
  • Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Approximately 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.
  • Ireland has an embassy in Ottawa
Chile
Colombia See Colombia–Ireland relations
  • Ireland is represented in Colombia through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico and an honorary consulate in Bogotá[83]
  • Colombia is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.[84]
Cuba
  • Ireland is represented in Cuba through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico and an honorary consulate in Havana, Cuba.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Dublin.
  • A proportionate number of Irish people migrated to Cuba in the 19th century.
Dominican Republic
  • Ireland is represented in the Dominican Republic through its embassy in New York City, USA.
  • The Dominican Republic is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Ecuador
  • Ireland is represented in Ecuador through its embassy in New York City, USA and has an honorary consulate in Quito.
  • Ecuador is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom and has an honorary consulate in Dublin.
Guyana
  • Ireland has an honorary consulate in Georgetown, Guyana.
  • Guyana is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Mexico See Ireland–Mexico relations
Paraguay
  • Ireland is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in New York City, USA.
  • Paraguay is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Peru
  • Ireland is represented in Peru through its embassy in Mexico City and an honorary consulate in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Dublin and has an honorary consulate in Cork.
Suriname
  • Ireland is represented in Suriname through its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.
  • Suriname currently has no formal relations with Ireland.
Trinidad and Tobago
  • Ireland is represented in Trinidad & Tobago through its embassy in New York City, USA and has an honorary consulate in Port of Spain, Trinidad.
  • Trinidad & Tobago is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.
Uruguay
Venezuela
  • Ireland is represented in Venezuela through its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
  • Venezuela is represented in Ireland through its embassy in London, United Kingdom.

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Australia See Australia–Ireland relations
New Zealand

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
Ethiopia See Ethiopia–Ireland relations
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1994.
  • Ireland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Dublin.

Ireland disbursed USD 58.94 million to Ethiopia in 2007, making it sixth in bilateral donors.[89] Irish foreign aid to Ethiopia includes grants towards focuses on Vulnerability, Health, Education, HIV and AIDS and Governance, either directly, through NGOs, and missionary societies. These grants amounted to € 32 million in 2007,[90] and over € 37 million in 2006.[91] In January, 2003, the Irish Minister of State with responsibility for Overseas Development Assistance, Tom Kitt, visited Ethiopia to see how his country could assist in famine relief. He planned to visit the Tigray Region, which was reported as being the most affected by famine at the time.[92]
South Africa 1993
  • The opening of bilateral relations were strongly considered by both governments in the 1930s and 1940s, following a successful state visit by South African prime minister General J. B. M. Hertzog to Dublin in 1930. At this time connections between the two "restless dominions" were particularly cordial, based also on an earlier Irish nationalist identification with the Boer cause during the South African War of 1899-1902, but cost concerns prevented an exhange of high commissioners. Nevertheless, there were regular private visits by South Africa's London-based high commissioners, most notably Charles te Water in the 1930s, and Dr A. L. Geyer, who was a guest of Taoiseach Éamon de Valera in 1952. While purely financial considerations had prevented the mutual exhange of ambassadors, by the 1960s a principled stand against apartheid came to prevent such an upgrading of relations. As a result, Ireland was the only EU country that did not have full diplomatic relations with South Africa until 1993, when an exchange of ambassadors was agreed with the De Klerk administration in anticipation of the ending of apartheid, despite vociferous protests from the Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement, led by Kader and Louise Asmal, which regarded such relations as premature. Prior to this, relations were handled by a Johannesburg-based honorary consulate.
Zambia 1965 See Ireland–Zambia relations

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
People's Republic of China 1979 See People's Republic of China – Ireland relations
India See India – Ireland relations
  • India has an embassy in Dublin.

Indo-Irish relations picked up steam during the freedom struggles of the respective countries against a common imperial empire in the United Kingdom. Political relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped build relations. Indo-Irish relations were greatly strengthened by the such luminaries as the likes of Pandit Nehru, Éamon de Valera, Rabindranath Tagore, W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, and, above all, Annie Besant. Politically relations have not been cold nor warm. Mutual benefit has led to economic ties that are fruitful for both states. Visits by government leaders have kept relations cordial at regular intervals.
Iran
Israel 1975
  • Since 25 January 1996, Ireland has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[97]
  • Israel has an embassy in Dublin.[98]
  • Both countries are full members of the Union for the Mediterranean
  • In 2010, the Israel Defense Forces forcibly boarded an Irish aid ship destined for the Gaza Strip which resulted in worsened relations, Israel's Mossad was also involved in the counterfeiting of five Irish passports used in an assassination, and 2 members of the Israeli ambassador's security staff in Dublin were subsequently deported.[99] In 2010, there were numerous protests at the Israeli embassy in Ireland over the treatment of Palestinians.[100]
Japan
Republic of Korea 1983
Malaysia
Pakistan See Ireland–Pakistan relations
Palestinian Authority
  • Ireland has a representative office in Ramallah.[105]
  • The Palestinian Authority has a general delegation in Dublin,[106] upgraded to mission status is 2011.[107]
  • In 2011, Foreign Minister Eamon Gilmore spoke at the United Nations in favour of Palestine's application for membership.[108]
 Philippines See Ireland–Philippines relations
  • Ireland-Philippines diplomatic relations officially began in 1986 and have become more intense over the years as increasing numbers of Filipinos have migrated to Ireland.
  • The Philippines appointed its first resident ambassador to Ireland during 2009.
Saudi Arabia
  • Ireland has an embassy in Riyadh.[109]
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Dublin.[110]
Vietnam

United Nations

The United Nations was founded in 1945, but Ireland's membership was blocked by the Soviet Union until 1955.[113] Since 25 July 2007, the Irish ambassador to the UN Office at Geneva has been Dáithí Ó Ceallaigh.[114] Ireland has been elected to the UN Security Council as a non-permanent member on three occasions — in 1962, in 1981–1982 and most recently in 2001–2002.[115]

Ireland is a member state of the International Criminal Court, having signed the Rome Statute in 1998 and ratified it in 2002.[116]

Peacekeeping missions

Ireland has a long history of participation in UN peacekeeping efforts starting in 1958, just three years after joining the UN. As of 2006, 85 members of the Irish Defence Forces had been killed on peacekeeping missions.[117]

List of major peacekeeping operations:[118]

As well as these missions, Irish personnel have served as observers in Central America, Russia, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Namibia, Western Sahara, Kuwait and South Africa.[117]

International organisations

Ireland is a member of or otherwise participates in the following international organisations:[119]

Foreign aid

Ireland's aid program was founded in 1974, and in 2006 its budget amounted to €734 million. The government has set a target of reaching the Millennium Development Goal of 0.7% of Gross National Product in aid by 2012, a target which is projected to amount to €1.5 billion based on current GNP growth.[120] Irish development aid is concentrated on eight priority countries: Lesotho, Mozambique, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Zambia, Uganda, Vietnam and East Timor.[121] in 2006, Malawi was announced as the ninth priority country, with a tenth country to follow.[122] Aid has had to be reduced because of the 2008–2011 Irish financial crisis.

As of 2009, Peter Power was the Minister of State for Overseas Development at the Department of Foreign Affairs.

Human rights

There have been no serious civil, human or social rights abuses/problems in the State, according to Amnesty International and the U.S. State Department.[123][124] The country consistently comes among the top nations in terms of freedom and rights ratings.

Index Ranking (Most Recent) Result
Freedom in the World – Political Liberties 1st (Joint) 1 ("Free")
Freedom in the World – Civil Rights 1st (Joint) 1 ("Free")
Index of Economic Freedom 3rd 82.4 ("Free")
Worldwide Press Freedom Index Ranking 4th (Joint) 2.00 ("Most Free")
Global Peace Index 6th 1.41 ("More Peaceful")
Democracy Index 12th 8.79 ("Full Democracy")
International Property Rights Index 13th (Joint) 7.9
Corruption Perceptions Index 16th (Joint) 7.7
Failed States Index 174th (4th from the bottom) 19.5 ("Sustainable")

See also

References

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